Definition:- The file system is a methods or data structures that a Operating System uses to store data on Disks and Partitions. so it is the way the files are organized on storage devices.
Friday, September 9, 2016
File System
Definition:- The file system is a methods or data structures that a Operating System uses to store data on Disks and Partitions. so it is the way the files are organized on storage devices.
TWITTER ABOUT
Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Evan Williams, Biz Stone, and Noah Glass and launched in July 2006. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, with more than 100 million users posting 340 million tweets a day in 2012.[13] The service also handled 1.6 billion search queries per day.[14][15][16] In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has been described as "the SMS of the Internet".[17][18] As of March 2016, Twitter has more than 310 million monthly active users
Creation and initial reaction HISTORY
A blueprint sketch, c. 2006, by Jack Dorsey, envisioning an SMS-based social network.Twitter's origins lie in a "daylong brainstorming session" held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then an undergraduate student at New York University, introduced the idea of an individual using an SMS service to communicate with a small group.[19][20] The original project code name for the service was twttr, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass,[21] inspired by Flickr and the five-character length of American SMS short codes. The decision was also partly due to the fact that domain twitter.com was already in use, and it was six months after the launch of twttr that the crew purchased the domain and changed the name of the service to Twitter.[22] The developers initially considered "10958" as a short code, but later changed it to "40404" for "ease of use and memorability".[23] Work on the project started on March 21, 2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9:50 PM Pacific Standard Time (PST): "just setting up my twttr".[1] Dorsey has explained the origin of the "Twitter" title:
...we came across the word 'twitter', and it was just perfect. The definition was 'a short burst of inconsequential information,' and 'chirps from birds'. And that's exactly what the product was.[24]
The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as an internal service for Odeo employees[25] and the full version was introduced publicly on July 15, 2006.[10] In October 2006, Biz Stone, Evan Williams, Dorsey, and other members of Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo, together with its assets—including Odeo.com and Twitter.com—from the investors and shareholders.[26] Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitter's startup until 2011.[27] Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007.[28] Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview:
With Twitter, it wasn't clear what it was. They called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didn't replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is. Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network
The Login/Sign Up page of Twitter
Type Public
Traded as NYSE: TWTR
Founded March 21, 2006; 10 years ago[1]
Headquarters San Francisco, California, U.S.[2]
Coordinates 37.7768°N 122.4166°WCoordinates: 37.7768°N 122.4166°W
Area served Worldwide
Founder(s) Jack Dorsey
Noah Glass
Biz Stone
Evan Williams
Key people Jack Dorsey (CEO)
Omid Kordestani (Chairman)
Industry Internet
Revenue Increase US$2.21 billion (2015)[3]
Net income Increase US$521 million (2015)[3]
Owner Jack Dorsey & Evan Williams[4]
Employees 3,898 (March 2016)[5]
Subsidiaries Vine
Periscope
Website twitter.com
Written in Java,[6][7] Ruby,[6] Scala,[6] JavaScript[6]
Alexa rank Steady 8 (July 2016)[8]
Type of site Social network service
Registration Required to post, follow, or be followed
Users 310 million active users (March 2016)[9]
Available in Multilingual
Launched July 15, 2006[10]
Current status Active
WHATSAPP ABOUT
WhatsApp Messenger is a proprietary, cross-platform, encrypted instant messaging client for smartphones.[10] It uses the Internet to send text messages, documents, images, video, user location and audio messages[11][12] to other users using standard cellular mobile numbers.
As of February 2016, WhatsApp had a user base of one billion,[13][14] making it the most popular messaging application.[14][15]
WhatsApp Inc., based in Mountain View, California, United States, was acquired by Facebook Inc. on February 19, 2014, for approximately US$19.3 billion
HISTORY
WhatsApp Inc., was founded in 2009 by Brian Acton and Jan Koum, both former employees of Yahoo!. After Koum and Acton left Yahoo! in September 2007, the duo traveled to South America as a break from work.[18] At one point they applied for jobs at Facebook but were rejected.[18] For the rest of the following years Koum relied on his $400,000 savings from Yahoo!. In January 2009, after purchasing an iPhone and realizing that the seven-month-old App Store was about to spawn a whole new industry of apps, he started visiting his friend Alex Fishman in West San Jose where the three would discuss "...having statuses next to individual names of the people," but this was not possible without an iPhone developer, so Fishman introduced Koum to Igor Solomennikov, a developer in Russia that he had found on RentACoder.com. Koum almost immediately chose the name "WhatsApp" because it sounded like "what's up", and a week later on his birthday, on February 24, 2009, he incorporated WhatsApp Inc. in California. However, early WhatsApp kept crashing or getting stuck and at a particular point, Koum felt like giving up and looking for a new job, upon which Acton encouraged him to wait for a "few more months".[18]
In June 2009, Apple launched push notifications, letting developers ping users when they were not using an app. Koum updated WhatsApp so that each time the user changed their statuses, it would ping everyone in the user's network.[18] WhatsApp 2.0 was released with a messaging component and the active users suddenly swelled to 250,000. Koum visited Acton, who was still unemployed while managing another startup and decided to join the company.[18] In October Acton persuaded five ex-Yahoo! friends to invest $250,000 in seed funding, and as a result was granted co-founder status and a stake. He officially joined on November 1.[18] After months at beta stage, the application eventually launched in November 2009 exclusively on the App Store for the iPhone. Koum then hired an old friend who lived in Los Angeles, Chris Peiffer, to make the BlackBerry version, which arrived two months later.[18]
WhatsApp was switched from a free to paid service to avoid growing too fast, mainly because the primary cost was sending verification texts to users. In December 2009 WhatsApp for the iPhone was updated to send photos. By early 2011, WhatsApp was in the top 20 of all apps in Apple's U.S. App Store.[18]
In April 2011, Sequoia Capital was the only venture investor in WhatsApp and paid approximately $8 million for more than 15 percent of the company in 2011 on top of their $250,000 seed funding, after months of negotiation with Sequoia partner Jim Goetz.[19][20][21]
By February 2013, WhatsApp's user base had swollen to about 200 million active users and its staff to 50. Sequoia invested another $50 million, valuing WhatsApp at $1.5 billion.[18]
In a December 2013 blog post, WhatsApp claimed that 400 million active users use the service each month.[22] As of April 22, 2014, WhatsApp had over 500 million monthly active users, 700 million photos and 100 million videos were being shared daily, and the messaging system was handling more than 10 billion messages each day.[23] On August 24, 2014, Koum announced on his Twitter account that WhatsApp had over 600 million active users worldwide. At that point WhatsApp was adding about 25 million new users every month, or 833,000 active users per day.[24][25] With 65 million active users representing 10% of the total worldwide users, India has the largest number of consumers.[26]
Facebook era (2014–present)
On February 19, 2014, months after a venture capital financing round at a $1.5 billion valuation,[27] Facebook announced it was acquiring WhatsApp for US$19 billion, its largest acquisition to date.[17] At the time, the acquisition was the largest purchase of a venture-backed company in history. Sequoia Capital received an approximate 50x return on its initial investment.[28] Facebook, which was advised by Allen & Co, paid $4 billion in cash, $12 billion in Facebook shares, and an additional $3 billion in restricted stock units granted to WhatsApp's founders (advised by Morgan Stanley), Koum and Acton.[29] Employee stock was scheduled to vest over four years subsequent to closing.[17] The transaction was the largest purchase of a company backed by venture capitalists to date.[16] Days after the announcement, WhatsApp users experienced a loss of service, leading to anger across social media.[30]
The acquisition caused a considerable number of users to move, or try out other message services as well. Telegram claimed to have seen 8 million additional downloads of its app.[31] Line claimed to have seen 2 million new users for its service.[32]
At a keynote presentation at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona in February 2014, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said that Facebook's acquisition of WhatsApp was closely related to the Internet.org vision.[33][34] According to a TechCrunch article, Zuckerberg's vision for Internet.org was as follows: "The idea, he said, is to develop a group of basic internet services that would be free of charge to use – 'a 911 for the internet.' These could be a social networking service like Facebook, a messaging service, maybe search and other things like weather. Providing a bundle of these free of charge to users will work like a gateway drug of sorts – users who may be able to afford data services and phones these days just don’t see the point of why they would pay for those data services. This would give them some context for why they are important, and that will lead them to paying for more services like this – or so the hope goes."[33]
On May 9, 2014, the government of Iran announced that it had proposed to block the access to WhatsApp service to Iranian residents. "The reason for this is the assumption of WhatsApp by the Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, who is an American Zionist," said Abdolsamad Khorramabadi, head of the country's Committee on Internet Crimes. Subsequently Iranian president Hassan Rouhani issued an order to the Ministry of ICT to stop filtering WhatsApp.[35][36]
Just three days after announcing that WhatsApp had been purchased by Facebook, Koum said they were working to introduce voice calls in the coming months. He also advanced that new mobile phones would be sold in Germany with the WhatsApp brand, as their main goal was to be in all smartphones.[37]
In August 2014, WhatsApp was the most globally popular messaging app, with more than 600 million active users.[24] By early January 2015, WhatsApp had 700 million monthly active users with over 30 billion messages being sent every day.[38] In April 2015, Forbes predicted that between 2012 and 2018, the telecommunications industry will lose a combined total of $386 billion because of OTT services like WhatsApp and Skype.[39] That month, WhatsApp had over 800 million active users.[40][41] By September 2015, the user base had grown to 900 million,[42] and by February 2016 it had grown to one billion.[13]
As of November 30, 2015, the Android client for WhatsApp started making links to another messenger called Telegram unclickable and uncopyable. [43] [44] [45] This is an active block, as confirmed by multiple sources, rather than a bug,[45] and the Android source code which recognises Telegram URLs has been identified.[45] URLs with "telegram" as domain-name are targeted actively and explicitly - the word 'telegram' appears in the code.[45] This functioning risks being considered anti-competitive,[43][44][45] and has not been explained by WhatsApp.
On January 18, 2016, WhatsApp's founder Jan Koum announced that the service would no longer charge their users a $1 annual subscription fee in an effort to remove a barrier faced by some users who do not have a credit card to pay for the service.[46][47] He also explained that the app would not display any third party advertisement and instead would bring new features such as the ability to communicate with business organizations.[13][48]
By June 2016, more than 100 million voice calls are made per day on WhatsApp according to a post on the company's blog.[49]
Platform support
After months at beta stage, the application eventually launched in November 2009 exclusively on the App Store for the iPhone. In January 2010, support for BlackBerry smartphones was added, and subsequently for Symbian OS in May 2010 and for Android OS in August 2010. In August 2011 a beta for Nokia's non-smartphone OS Series 40 was added. A month later support for Windows Phone was added, followed by BlackBerry 10 in March 2013.[50] In April 2015, support for Samsung's Tizen OS was added.[51] An unofficial port has been released for the MeeGo-based Nokia N9 called Wazzap,[52] as well as a port for the Maemo-based Nokia N900 called Yappari.[53]
The oldest device capable of running WhatsApp is the Symbian-based Nokia N95 released in March 2007.
In August 2014, WhatsApp released an update to its Android app, adding support for Android Wear smartwatches.[54]
In 2014 an unofficial open source plug-in called whatsapp-purple was released for Pidgin, implementing its XMPP and making it possible to use WhatsApp on a Windows or Linux PC.[55][third-party source needed] WhatsApp responded by automatically blocking phone numbers that connected to WhatsApp using this plug-in.[citation needed]
On January 21, 2015, WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Web, a web client which can be used through a web browser by syncing with the mobile device's connection.[56]
On February 26, 2016, WhatsApp announced they would cease support for BlackBerry (including BlackBerry 10), Series 40 and Symbian, as well as some older versions of Android, Windows Phone and iOS, by the end of 2016
In June 2009, Apple launched push notifications, letting developers ping users when they were not using an app. Koum updated WhatsApp so that each time the user changed their statuses, it would ping everyone in the user's network.[18] WhatsApp 2.0 was released with a messaging component and the active users suddenly swelled to 250,000. Koum visited Acton, who was still unemployed while managing another startup and decided to join the company.[18] In October Acton persuaded five ex-Yahoo! friends to invest $250,000 in seed funding, and as a result was granted co-founder status and a stake. He officially joined on November 1.[18] After months at beta stage, the application eventually launched in November 2009 exclusively on the App Store for the iPhone. Koum then hired an old friend who lived in Los Angeles, Chris Peiffer, to make the BlackBerry version, which arrived two months later.[18]
WhatsApp was switched from a free to paid service to avoid growing too fast, mainly because the primary cost was sending verification texts to users. In December 2009 WhatsApp for the iPhone was updated to send photos. By early 2011, WhatsApp was in the top 20 of all apps in Apple's U.S. App Store.[18]
In April 2011, Sequoia Capital was the only venture investor in WhatsApp and paid approximately $8 million for more than 15 percent of the company in 2011 on top of their $250,000 seed funding, after months of negotiation with Sequoia partner Jim Goetz.[19][20][21]
By February 2013, WhatsApp's user base had swollen to about 200 million active users and its staff to 50. Sequoia invested another $50 million, valuing WhatsApp at $1.5 billion.[18]
In a December 2013 blog post, WhatsApp claimed that 400 million active users use the service each month.[22] As of April 22, 2014, WhatsApp had over 500 million monthly active users, 700 million photos and 100 million videos were being shared daily, and the messaging system was handling more than 10 billion messages each day.[23] On August 24, 2014, Koum announced on his Twitter account that WhatsApp had over 600 million active users worldwide. At that point WhatsApp was adding about 25 million new users every month, or 833,000 active users per day.[24][25] With 65 million active users representing 10% of the total worldwide users, India has the largest number of consumers.[26]
Facebook era (2014–present)
On February 19, 2014, months after a venture capital financing round at a $1.5 billion valuation,[27] Facebook announced it was acquiring WhatsApp for US$19 billion, its largest acquisition to date.[17] At the time, the acquisition was the largest purchase of a venture-backed company in history. Sequoia Capital received an approximate 50x return on its initial investment.[28] Facebook, which was advised by Allen & Co, paid $4 billion in cash, $12 billion in Facebook shares, and an additional $3 billion in restricted stock units granted to WhatsApp's founders (advised by Morgan Stanley), Koum and Acton.[29] Employee stock was scheduled to vest over four years subsequent to closing.[17] The transaction was the largest purchase of a company backed by venture capitalists to date.[16] Days after the announcement, WhatsApp users experienced a loss of service, leading to anger across social media.[30]
The acquisition caused a considerable number of users to move, or try out other message services as well. Telegram claimed to have seen 8 million additional downloads of its app.[31] Line claimed to have seen 2 million new users for its service.[32]
At a keynote presentation at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona in February 2014, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said that Facebook's acquisition of WhatsApp was closely related to the Internet.org vision.[33][34] According to a TechCrunch article, Zuckerberg's vision for Internet.org was as follows: "The idea, he said, is to develop a group of basic internet services that would be free of charge to use – 'a 911 for the internet.' These could be a social networking service like Facebook, a messaging service, maybe search and other things like weather. Providing a bundle of these free of charge to users will work like a gateway drug of sorts – users who may be able to afford data services and phones these days just don’t see the point of why they would pay for those data services. This would give them some context for why they are important, and that will lead them to paying for more services like this – or so the hope goes."[33]
On May 9, 2014, the government of Iran announced that it had proposed to block the access to WhatsApp service to Iranian residents. "The reason for this is the assumption of WhatsApp by the Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, who is an American Zionist," said Abdolsamad Khorramabadi, head of the country's Committee on Internet Crimes. Subsequently Iranian president Hassan Rouhani issued an order to the Ministry of ICT to stop filtering WhatsApp.[35][36]
Just three days after announcing that WhatsApp had been purchased by Facebook, Koum said they were working to introduce voice calls in the coming months. He also advanced that new mobile phones would be sold in Germany with the WhatsApp brand, as their main goal was to be in all smartphones.[37]
In August 2014, WhatsApp was the most globally popular messaging app, with more than 600 million active users.[24] By early January 2015, WhatsApp had 700 million monthly active users with over 30 billion messages being sent every day.[38] In April 2015, Forbes predicted that between 2012 and 2018, the telecommunications industry will lose a combined total of $386 billion because of OTT services like WhatsApp and Skype.[39] That month, WhatsApp had over 800 million active users.[40][41] By September 2015, the user base had grown to 900 million,[42] and by February 2016 it had grown to one billion.[13]
As of November 30, 2015, the Android client for WhatsApp started making links to another messenger called Telegram unclickable and uncopyable. [43] [44] [45] This is an active block, as confirmed by multiple sources, rather than a bug,[45] and the Android source code which recognises Telegram URLs has been identified.[45] URLs with "telegram" as domain-name are targeted actively and explicitly - the word 'telegram' appears in the code.[45] This functioning risks being considered anti-competitive,[43][44][45] and has not been explained by WhatsApp.
On January 18, 2016, WhatsApp's founder Jan Koum announced that the service would no longer charge their users a $1 annual subscription fee in an effort to remove a barrier faced by some users who do not have a credit card to pay for the service.[46][47] He also explained that the app would not display any third party advertisement and instead would bring new features such as the ability to communicate with business organizations.[13][48]
By June 2016, more than 100 million voice calls are made per day on WhatsApp according to a post on the company's blog.[49]
Platform support
After months at beta stage, the application eventually launched in November 2009 exclusively on the App Store for the iPhone. In January 2010, support for BlackBerry smartphones was added, and subsequently for Symbian OS in May 2010 and for Android OS in August 2010. In August 2011 a beta for Nokia's non-smartphone OS Series 40 was added. A month later support for Windows Phone was added, followed by BlackBerry 10 in March 2013.[50] In April 2015, support for Samsung's Tizen OS was added.[51] An unofficial port has been released for the MeeGo-based Nokia N9 called Wazzap,[52] as well as a port for the Maemo-based Nokia N900 called Yappari.[53]
The oldest device capable of running WhatsApp is the Symbian-based Nokia N95 released in March 2007.
In August 2014, WhatsApp released an update to its Android app, adding support for Android Wear smartwatches.[54]
In 2014 an unofficial open source plug-in called whatsapp-purple was released for Pidgin, implementing its XMPP and making it possible to use WhatsApp on a Windows or Linux PC.[55][third-party source needed] WhatsApp responded by automatically blocking phone numbers that connected to WhatsApp using this plug-in.[citation needed]
On January 21, 2015, WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Web, a web client which can be used through a web browser by syncing with the mobile device's connection.[56]
On February 26, 2016, WhatsApp announced they would cease support for BlackBerry (including BlackBerry 10), Series 40 and Symbian, as well as some older versions of Android, Windows Phone and iOS, by the end of 2016
GOOGLE ABOUT
Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products that include online advertising technologies, search, cloud computing, and software.[7] Most of its profits are derived from AdWords, an online advertising service that places advertising near the list of search results.
Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University, California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares and control 56 percent of the stockholder voting power through supervoting stock. They incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4, 1998. An initial public offering (IPO) took place on August 19, 2004, and Google moved to its new headquarters in Mountain View, California, nicknamed the Googleplex.
In August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its interests as a holding company called Alphabet Inc. When this restructuring took place on October 2, 2015, Google became Alphabet's leading subsidiary, as well as the parent for Google's Internet interests.
Rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions and partnerships beyond Google's core search engine (Google Search). It offers online productivity software (Google Docs) including email (Gmail), a cloud storage service (Google Drive) and a social networking service (Google+). Desktop products include applications for web browsing (Google Chrome), organizing and editing photos (Google Photos), and instant messaging and video chat (Hangouts). The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system and the browser-only Chrome OS[16] for a class of netbooks known as Chromebooks and desktop PCs known as Chromeboxes. Google has moved increasingly into communications hardware, partnering with major electronics manufacturers[17] in the production of its "high-quality low-cost"Nexus devices In 2012, a fiber-optic infrastructure was installed in Kansas City to facilitate a Google Fiber broadband service.
Google has been estimated to run more than one million servers in data centers around the world (as of 2007).[21] It processes over one billion search requests[22] and about 24 petabytes of user-generated data each day (as of 2009). In December 2013, Alexa listed Google.com as the most visited website in the world. Numerous Google sites in other languages figure in the top one hundred, as do several other Google-owned sites such as YouTube and Blogger.
Google's mission statement from the outset was "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful," and its unofficial slogan was "Don't be evil".In October 2015, the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase: "Do the right thing".[31] Google's commitment to such robust idealism has been increasingly been called into doubt due to a number of actions and behaviours which appear to contradict this
Google's original homepage had a simple design because the company founders were not experienced in HTML, the markup language used for designing web pages
Google's first production server. Google's production servers continue to be built with inexpensive hardware
Sundar Pichai
Googleplex corporate headquarters in 2014
Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University, California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares and control 56 percent of the stockholder voting power through supervoting stock. They incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4, 1998. An initial public offering (IPO) took place on August 19, 2004, and Google moved to its new headquarters in Mountain View, California, nicknamed the Googleplex.
In August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its interests as a holding company called Alphabet Inc. When this restructuring took place on October 2, 2015, Google became Alphabet's leading subsidiary, as well as the parent for Google's Internet interests.
Rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions and partnerships beyond Google's core search engine (Google Search). It offers online productivity software (Google Docs) including email (Gmail), a cloud storage service (Google Drive) and a social networking service (Google+). Desktop products include applications for web browsing (Google Chrome), organizing and editing photos (Google Photos), and instant messaging and video chat (Hangouts). The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system and the browser-only Chrome OS[16] for a class of netbooks known as Chromebooks and desktop PCs known as Chromeboxes. Google has moved increasingly into communications hardware, partnering with major electronics manufacturers[17] in the production of its "high-quality low-cost"Nexus devices In 2012, a fiber-optic infrastructure was installed in Kansas City to facilitate a Google Fiber broadband service.
Google has been estimated to run more than one million servers in data centers around the world (as of 2007).[21] It processes over one billion search requests[22] and about 24 petabytes of user-generated data each day (as of 2009). In December 2013, Alexa listed Google.com as the most visited website in the world. Numerous Google sites in other languages figure in the top one hundred, as do several other Google-owned sites such as YouTube and Blogger.
Google's mission statement from the outset was "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful," and its unofficial slogan was "Don't be evil".In October 2015, the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase: "Do the right thing".[31] Google's commitment to such robust idealism has been increasingly been called into doubt due to a number of actions and behaviours which appear to contradict this
History
Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford, California.
While conventional search engines ranked results by counting how many times the search terms appeared on the page, the two theorized about a better system that analyzed the relationships between websites.[36] They called this new technology PageRank; it determined a website's relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, that linked back to the original site.
Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine "BackRub", because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site.[39][40][41] Eventually, they changed the name to Google, originating from a misspelling of the word "googol",[42][43] the number one followed by one hundred zeros, which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information.[44] Originally, Google ran under Stanford University's website, with the domains google.stanford.edu and z.stanford.edu.
While conventional search engines ranked results by counting how many times the search terms appeared on the page, the two theorized about a better system that analyzed the relationships between websites.[36] They called this new technology PageRank; it determined a website's relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, that linked back to the original site.
Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine "BackRub", because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site.[39][40][41] Eventually, they changed the name to Google, originating from a misspelling of the word "googol",[42][43] the number one followed by one hundred zeros, which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information.[44] Originally, Google ran under Stanford University's website, with the domains google.stanford.edu and z.stanford.edu.
The domain name for Google was registered on September 15, 1997,[47] and the company was incorporated on September 4, 1998. It was based in the garage of a friend (Susan Wojcicki in Menlo Park, California. Craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee.
In May 2011, the number of monthly unique visitors to Google surpassed one billion for the first time, an 8.4 percent increase from May 2010 (931 million).[50] In January 2013, Google announced it had earned US$50 billion in annual revenue for the year of 2012. This marked the first time the company had reached this feat, topping their 2011 total of $38 billion.[51]
The company has reported fourth quarter (Dec 2014) Earnings Per Share (EPS) of $6.88 – $0.20 under projections. Revenue came in at $14.5 billion (16.9% growth year over year), also under expectations by $110 million.
In May 2011, the number of monthly unique visitors to Google surpassed one billion for the first time, an 8.4 percent increase from May 2010 (931 million).[50] In January 2013, Google announced it had earned US$50 billion in annual revenue for the year of 2012. This marked the first time the company had reached this feat, topping their 2011 total of $38 billion.[51]
The company has reported fourth quarter (Dec 2014) Earnings Per Share (EPS) of $6.88 – $0.20 under projections. Revenue came in at $14.5 billion (16.9% growth year over year), also under expectations by $110 million.
Financing, 1998 and initial public offering, 2004
The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given before Google was incorporated.[54] Early in 1999, while graduate students, Brin and Page decided that the search engine they had developed was taking up too much time and distracting their academic pursuits. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million. He rejected the offer and later criticized Vinod Khosla, one of Excite's venture capitalists, after he negotiated Brin and Page down to $750,000. On June 7, 1999, a $25 million round of funding was announced,[55] with major investors including the venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital.[54]
Google's initial public offering (IPO) took place five years later on August 19, 2004. At that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024.[56] The company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share.[57][58] Shares were sold in an online auction format using a system built by Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse, underwriters for the deal.[59][60] The sale of $1.67 bn (billion) gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23bn.[61] By January 2014, its market capitalization had grown to $397bn.[62] The vast majority of the 271 million shares remained under the control of Google, and many Google employees became instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited because it owned 8.4 million shares of Google before the IPO took place.[63]
There were concerns that Google's IPO would lead to changes in company culture. Reasons ranged from shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions to the fact that many company executives would become instant paper millionaires.[64] As a reply to this concern, co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page promised in a report to potential investors that the IPO would not change the company's culture.[65] In 2005, articles in The New York Times and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy.[66][67][68][69][excessive citations] In an effort to maintain the company's unique culture, Google designated a Chief Culture Officer, who also serves as the Director of Human Resources. The purpose of the Chief Culture Officer is to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on: a flat organization with a collaborative environment.[70] Google has also faced allegations of sexism and ageism from former employees.[71][72] In 2013, a class action against several Silicon Valley companies, including Google, was filed for alleged "no cold call" agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees.[73]
The stock performed well after the IPO, with shares hitting $350 for the first time on October 31, 2007,[74] primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the online advertising market.[75] The surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and mutual funds.[75] GOOG shares split into GOOG Class C shares and GOOGL class A shares.[76] The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbols GOOGL and GOOG, and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GGQ1. These ticker symbols now refer to Alphabet Inc., Google's holding company, since the fourth quarter of 2015.
Google's initial public offering (IPO) took place five years later on August 19, 2004. At that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024.[56] The company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share.[57][58] Shares were sold in an online auction format using a system built by Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse, underwriters for the deal.[59][60] The sale of $1.67 bn (billion) gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23bn.[61] By January 2014, its market capitalization had grown to $397bn.[62] The vast majority of the 271 million shares remained under the control of Google, and many Google employees became instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited because it owned 8.4 million shares of Google before the IPO took place.[63]
There were concerns that Google's IPO would lead to changes in company culture. Reasons ranged from shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions to the fact that many company executives would become instant paper millionaires.[64] As a reply to this concern, co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page promised in a report to potential investors that the IPO would not change the company's culture.[65] In 2005, articles in The New York Times and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy.[66][67][68][69][excessive citations] In an effort to maintain the company's unique culture, Google designated a Chief Culture Officer, who also serves as the Director of Human Resources. The purpose of the Chief Culture Officer is to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on: a flat organization with a collaborative environment.[70] Google has also faced allegations of sexism and ageism from former employees.[71][72] In 2013, a class action against several Silicon Valley companies, including Google, was filed for alleged "no cold call" agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees.[73]
The stock performed well after the IPO, with shares hitting $350 for the first time on October 31, 2007,[74] primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the online advertising market.[75] The surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and mutual funds.[75] GOOG shares split into GOOG Class C shares and GOOGL class A shares.[76] The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbols GOOGL and GOOG, and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GGQ1. These ticker symbols now refer to Alphabet Inc., Google's holding company, since the fourth quarter of 2015.
INTRO
Sundar Pichai
Chief Executive Officer of Google
Googleplex corporate headquarters in 2014
Type
Subsidiary of Alphabet Inc.
Industry
Internet
Computer software
Founded September 4, 1998; 18 years ago
Menlo Park, California[1][2]
Founders
Larry Page
Sergey Brin
Headquarters Googleplex, Mountain View, California, U.S.[3]
Coordinates 37.422°N 122.084058°WCoordinates: 37.422°N 122.084058°W
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Sundar Pichai (CEO)
Products List of Google products
Number of employees
57,100 (Q2 2015)[4]
Parent Independent (1998–2015)
Alphabet Inc. (2015–present)
Subsidiaries List of subsidiaries
Slogan Don't be evil[5]
Website www.google.com
Footnotes / references
Facebook About
Facebook (stylized as facebook) is a for-profit corporation and online social media and social networking service based in Menlo Park, California, United States. The Facebook website was launched on February 4, 2004, by Mark Zuckerberg, along with fellow Harvard College students and roommates, Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes
The founders had initially limited the website's membership to Harvard students; however, later they expanded it to higher education institutions in the Boston area, the Ivy League schools, and Stanford University. Facebook gradually added support for students at various other universities, and eventually to high school students as well. Since 2006, anyone age 13 and older has been allowed to become a registered user of Facebook, though variations exist in the minimum age requirement, depending on applicable local laws.[10] The Facebook name comes from the face book directories often given to United States university students
The founders had initially limited the website's membership to Harvard students; however, later they expanded it to higher education institutions in the Boston area, the Ivy League schools, and Stanford University. Facebook gradually added support for students at various other universities, and eventually to high school students as well. Since 2006, anyone age 13 and older has been allowed to become a registered user of Facebook, though variations exist in the minimum age requirement, depending on applicable local laws.[10] The Facebook name comes from the face book directories often given to United States university students
History
Zuckerberg wrote a program called "Facemash" on October 28, 2003 while attending Harvard University as a sophomore (second year student). According to The Harvard Crimson, the site was comparable to Hot or Not and used "photos compiled from the online facebooks of nine houses, placing two next to each other at a time and asking users to choose the 'hotter' person
2006–2012: public access, Microsoft alliance and rapid growth
On September 26, 2006, Facebook was opened to everyone at least 13 years old with a valid email address.[38][39][40]
In late 2007, Facebook had 100,000 business pages (pages which allowed companies to promote themselves and attract customers). These started as group pages, but a new concept called company pages was planned.[41] Pages began rolling out for businesses in May 2009.[42]
On October 24, 2007, Microsoft announced that it had purchased a 1.6% share of Facebook for $240 million, giving Facebook a total implied value of around $15 billion.[43] Microsoft's purchase included rights to place international advertisements on the social networking site.
In October 2008, Facebook announced that it would set up its international headquarters in Dublin, Ireland. Almost a year later, in September 2009, Facebook said that it had turned cash-flow positive for the first time.
A January 2009 Compete.com study ranked Facebook the most used social networking service by worldwide monthly active users.Entertainment Weekly included the site on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list saying, "How on earth did we stalk our exes, remember our co-workers' birthdays, bug our friends, and play a rousing game of Scrabulous before Facebook?"
Traffic to Facebook increased steadily after 2009. The company announced 500 million users in July 2010[49] making it the largest online social network in the world at the time. According to the company's data, half of the site's membership use Facebook daily, for an average of 34 minutes, while 150 million users access the site by mobile. A company representative called the milestone a "quiet revolution
2006–2012: public access, Microsoft alliance and rapid growth
On September 26, 2006, Facebook was opened to everyone at least 13 years old with a valid email address.[38][39][40]
In late 2007, Facebook had 100,000 business pages (pages which allowed companies to promote themselves and attract customers). These started as group pages, but a new concept called company pages was planned.[41] Pages began rolling out for businesses in May 2009.[42]
On October 24, 2007, Microsoft announced that it had purchased a 1.6% share of Facebook for $240 million, giving Facebook a total implied value of around $15 billion.[43] Microsoft's purchase included rights to place international advertisements on the social networking site.
In October 2008, Facebook announced that it would set up its international headquarters in Dublin, Ireland. Almost a year later, in September 2009, Facebook said that it had turned cash-flow positive for the first time.
A January 2009 Compete.com study ranked Facebook the most used social networking service by worldwide monthly active users.Entertainment Weekly included the site on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list saying, "How on earth did we stalk our exes, remember our co-workers' birthdays, bug our friends, and play a rousing game of Scrabulous before Facebook?"
Traffic to Facebook increased steadily after 2009. The company announced 500 million users in July 2010[49] making it the largest online social network in the world at the time. According to the company's data, half of the site's membership use Facebook daily, for an average of 34 minutes, while 150 million users access the site by mobile. A company representative called the milestone a "quiet revolution
Facebook, Inc.
Public profile of a user on Facebook in 2014 showing various social networking features of the site, including music preferences and favorite books
Type Public
Traded as NASDAQ: FB
NASDAQ-100 component
S&P 500 component
Founded February 4, 2004; 12 years ago
Headquarters Menlo Park, California, U.S.
Coordinates 37.4848°N 122.1484°WCoordinates: 37.4848°N 122.1484°W
Area served United States (2004–05)
Worldwide, except blocking countries (2005–present)
Founder(s)
Mark Zuckerberg
Eduardo Saverin
Andrew McCollum
Dustin Moskovitz
Chris Hughes
Key people Mark Zuckerberg
(Chairman and CEO)
Sheryl Sandberg
(COO)
Industry Internet
Revenue Increase US$17.928 billion (2015)[1]
Operating income Increase US$6.225 billion (2015)[1]
Net income Increase US$3.688 billion (2015)[1]
Total assets Increase US$49.407 billion (2015)[1]
Total equity Increase US$44.218 billion (2015)[1]
Owner Mark Zuckerberg (53%) [2]
Employees 14,495 (June 2016)[3]
Subsidiaries Messenger
Instagram
WhatsApp
Oculus VR
Website www.facebook.com or
www.fb.com
Written in C++, PHP (as HHVM)[4] and D language[5]
Alexa rank Steady 3 (August 2016)[6]
Type of site Social networking service
Registration Required
Users Increase 1.71 billion monthly active users (June 30, 2016)[3]
Available in Multilingual (140)
Current status Active
Type Public
Traded as NASDAQ: FB
NASDAQ-100 component
S&P 500 component
Founded February 4, 2004; 12 years ago
Headquarters Menlo Park, California, U.S.
Coordinates 37.4848°N 122.1484°WCoordinates: 37.4848°N 122.1484°W
Area served United States (2004–05)
Worldwide, except blocking countries (2005–present)
Founder(s)
Mark Zuckerberg
Eduardo Saverin
Andrew McCollum
Dustin Moskovitz
Chris Hughes
Key people Mark Zuckerberg
(Chairman and CEO)
Sheryl Sandberg
(COO)
Industry Internet
Revenue Increase US$17.928 billion (2015)[1]
Operating income Increase US$6.225 billion (2015)[1]
Net income Increase US$3.688 billion (2015)[1]
Total assets Increase US$49.407 billion (2015)[1]
Total equity Increase US$44.218 billion (2015)[1]
Owner Mark Zuckerberg (53%) [2]
Employees 14,495 (June 2016)[3]
Subsidiaries Messenger
Oculus VR
Website www.facebook.com or
www.fb.com
Written in C++, PHP (as HHVM)[4] and D language[5]
Alexa rank Steady 3 (August 2016)[6]
Type of site Social networking service
Registration Required
Users Increase 1.71 billion monthly active users (June 30, 2016)[3]
Available in Multilingual (140)
Current status Active
Thursday, May 5, 2016
How to Create a Website – The Basics
I'm Rajnish Jaiswal, a professional web designer.
I wrote this beginner's guide to help the large number of people who want to create a website (or blog), but have absolutely no idea of what to do.
In Website Setup Guide, I show you exactly how to set up a proper, normal website with a .com (or .ca, .uk or .au) domain name, from start to finish. You don't need to know anything about computers or websites, to follow this guide and make a website of your own.
Creating a website and running it this way will cost you about $3-4 per month in total. The information in this site is all free.
Since 2009, Website Setup Guide has helped more than three million people around the world set up successful websites and blogs. Most major web design sites now follow the format and recommendations of this site, and an entire industry of sites based on Website Setup Guide has appeared. However, this site remains the simplest and best place to go to set up your first website.
It's easy to create a website by following this guide, but if you ever get stuck, you can email me, and I'll be happy to help.
How to start a website – An overview
Take note of this overview. It's important.
To create a website, you only need to do these two things:
- Sign up for website hosting, and choose a domain name (i.e. something.com).
- Create your website.
In steps two and three of this site, I will explain how web hosting works, and how to create a website. Step 4 (Extra Information) provides lots of general information related to setting up a website. Step 5 (Start Making Your site)covers all the actual instructions you need to follow, to set up your site
Designing a Website or Blog – How it Works
WordPress
WordPress is the system I recommend you use to design and manage your site (or blog). It's a very popular completely-online system that lets you easily build a professional-looking website/blog without any technical know-how.There is no additional cost to use WordPress.
Once you've signed up for web hosting, setting up WordPress on FatCow's web hosting is very easy. Full instructions are in Step 5 (Start Making Your Site).
Overview of WordPress
In WordPress, all you need to do is type in the text of your pages, and (if you like) add some pictures. WordPress will create the pages, apply your site's layout to them, and add a link to each one from the menu bar. If your site is a blog, you can easily make new posts. WordPress will add them to the top of the blog page for you, and manage visitor comments (if you allow comments.)
In WordPress, you don't design a layout. You just choose one. You can't edit these layouts, but you can very easily change major features, like the background colour and header picture. This makes things very easy.
WordPress operates from the Internet, through your browser. Because of this, it works on any computer (PC, Mac, etc) or device (smart phones, iPhone, iPad etc.) with Internet access. If you can browse the Internet, you can use WordPress.
What a WordPress Website Looks Like
This is a screenshot of a typical WordPress website, using the default graphical theme. It's very simple and professional.You can very easily choose a much fancier theme if you like, and change themes at any time. There are thousands of themes to choose from.
How WordPress Works
This is a screenshot of WordPress's Control Panel. You get here by clicking a little "log in" link that will be on your site, and then typing in a password.Everything in WordPress is done from this Control Panel. At the left is a list of all the settings you can change, and things you can do. It's all very simple.
Next step: More Information
You've now read through the important steps of making a website. However, there are lots more important things you probably want to know about, before you start work on your site.
Domain Name & Web Hosting
What is a domain name?
A domain name is the Internet address of a website or blog. (For example, websitesetupguide.com is the domain name of this site.) You'll need to choose a domain name.If you already have a domain name, that's fine. I'll tell you how to use that.
Some domain name advice
- Your domain name should be simple, obvious, and as short as possible.
- Domain names are unique. You can only register a domain name that no one else has taken. Most good, short names were taken years ago. If the name you want is taken, try adding a descriptive word to the end. For example, foresttrail.com will definitely be taken, but foresttrailtales.com probably won't be. The same goes for greengoose.com. Try greengoosecatering.com instead.
What is web hosting?
Web hosting is where your website (or blog) actually sits, on a computer, in a building somewhere, when you put it on the Internet. It doesn't matter where in the world you're located, or where your web hosting is located.Web hosting is the only thing you have to pay for, to set up a website. Everything else can be done for free.
Cost: $3-4 per month.
My recommendation for web hosting
Choosing a web hosting provider is not easy. There's a huge number of very similar web hosts out there, and 99% of the information about them is bogus. Feel free to do your own research into web hosting, but I think you'll find it mind-boggling.
Whether they say so or not, all sites that recommend web hosting receive payment from the web hosting company, for the promotion of their product. Because of this, the Internet is littered with sites that promote any and every web host, regardless of the quality of those hosts. Typically, the person making the recommendation has no knowledge of the host. This makes it extremely difficult for a novice to find accurate information about web hosting.
Readers of this guide typically just want me to recommend a web host to them, so I only recommend one host – FatCow. It's the host I use myself. It's simple, reliable, and much cheaper than most alternatives. I also believe in doing business ethically, so I like to be upfront about the fact that this site is supported by commissions from some of the products, including web hosting, that it recommends.
FatCow gives a free domain name (normally $15-20 a year), and also gives visitors to this site a 65% discount off their prices. Signing up with FatCow takes about ten minutes. (This is fully explained in Step 5 – Start Making Your Site, but here's a link to their site, if you want to visit them now.) If you use FatCow, I can tell you exactly what to do, to set up your website or blog.
(Disclaimer: Website Setup Guide receives compensation for some of the products it recommends.)
Next step: Creating a website (or blog)
Now that you know what a domain name and web hosting are, the next step is to learn how you actually make your site/blog.
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