Hardware & Networking Interview Questions

Q1:- What is Hardware Requirements of Windows XP?

Q2:- What is Hardware Compatibility?

Q3:- What are the booting files of Windows 7?

Q4:- What are the various types of partitions can be created on a basic disk?

Q5:- What is formatting?

Q6:- What is Safe Mode?

Q7:- What is Booting?

Q8:- What is the difference between NTFS & FAT?

Q9:- What is File System?

Q10:- What are the advantages of Laptop over Desktop?

Q11:- What are the various symptoms of virus infection?

Q12:- Explain about any three remote management softwares?

Q13:- What is Hot Swapping?

Q14:- What is Remote Management?

Q15:- What is IRQ?

Q16:- How to check the number of hard disk drives installed in a system?

Q17:- What is the use of Guest Account?

Q18:- How to check display driver in a system?

Q19:- Which command is used to check the connectivity between two machines?

Q20:- What is the full form of FAT?

Q21:- How many pins do serial ports have?

Q22:- What is IP Address?

Q23:- What is the difference between public & private ip address?

Q24:- What are the layers of osi model?

Q25:- What is LAN?
Ans:- LAN is short for Local Area Network it refers to the connection between computers and other  networking devices that are located within a small area.

Q26:- What protocols fall under the TCP/IP Internet Layer?

Q27:- What is the one biggest advantage of mesh topology?

Q28:- What is SMTP?

Q29:- What is the biggest disadvantage of Ring Topology?

Q30:- Describe Ethernet?

Q31:- What is the difference between straight through and cross over cable?

Q32:- What is the difference between baseband & broadband transmission?

Q33:- What is Bandwidth?

Q34:- What is Subnet?

Q35:- What is Subnetting?

Q36:- What is MAC Address?

Ans:- It is the 48-bit hardware address of LAN Card. MAC Address is usually stored on a ROM chip of Network Interface Card(NIC) and it is unique.

Q37:- What is a Node?

Ans:-  A node refers to a point or joint where a connection takes place. It can be a computer or device that is part of a network. Two or more nodes are needed to form a network.

Q38:- What is Hardware?

Ans:- All the physical components of a computer system are called hardware like Keyboard, Monitor, Motherboard, Disk Drives etc.

Q39:- What is Software?

Ans:- Software is a program or machine-readable instructions that directs a Computer's Processor to perform specific operations.

Q40:- What is Network?

Ans:- The interconnection of two or more computer or devices through a media is called network. It can be PAN, LAN, CAN, MAN, WAN & SAN.

Q41:- What is Networking?

Ans:- The process of creating network is called networking. It requires designing, implementing and securing the network.

Q42:- What is NIC?

Ans:- NIC stands for Network Interface Card, it is a hardware device which acts as an interface between Computer & Network.

Q43:- What is WAN?

Ans:- WAN stands for Wide Area Network, It is an interconnection of computers and networking devices that geographically dispersed. It connects networks that are located in different regions & countries.

Q44:- What is IP Address?

Ans:- IP stands for Internet Protocol and it is a 32-bit decimal address assigned to each devices which is connected to computer network.

Q45:- What is BIOS?

Ans:- BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System which works as an interface between Operating system and Hardware. It resides on ROM Chip of motherboard.

Q46:- What is WWW?

Ans:- WWW stands for World Wide Web and it is system of interlinked hypertext documents that are accessed via the Internet. With a web browser one can view web pages that can contain text, images, videos and other multimedia contents via hyperlink.

Q47:- How many pins are there in IDE/EIDE Connector?

Ans:- 40 Pins.

Q48:- What is Protocol?

Ans:- Protocol is a set of rules that govern data communication. It represents an agreement between the communicating devices without protocol two devices may be connected but not communicating like a person speaking French can not be understood by a Chinese.

Q49:- What is Gateway?

Ans:- A Gateway is a network point that act as an entrance point for another network. On a home network a broadband router serves as network gateway although a ordinary computer can also be used as a gateway. In enterprises a gateway node often acts as proxy server or firewall.

Q50:- What is Default Gateway?

Ans:- A Default Gateway is the device that passes traffic from the local subnet to the device on other subnet, it connects local network to the Internet.

Internet default gateways are typically of two types:-

• On a home or small business network with a broadband router to share the internet connection, the Broadband router serves as a default gateway.
• On a home or small business network without a broadband router such as residences with a dial-up internet access, a router at the ISP end serves as a default gateway.

Q51:- What is DNS?

Ans:- DNS stands for Domain Name System that maintains a database of Domain names and its IP Address. It is necessary because domain names are easy for people to remember but machines communicate on internet through IP Address.

Q52:- What is DHCP?

Ans:- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a network protocol that enables a server to automatically assign IP address to clients.

Q53:- What is the difference between Northbridge & Southbridge?

Ans:- Northbridge is the portion of chipset that connects the faster I/O buses to the processor like RAM, Graphics and PCI Express. but Southbridge is the chipset that connects the slower I/O buses to the system bus like USB, Audio, LAN, Super I/O etc.

Northbridge is called Graphics Memory Controller Hub(GMCH) while southbridge is called Input/output Controller Hub(ICH)

Q54:- What is the difference between SIMM & DIMM?

Ans:- SIMM stands for Single In line Memory Module the gold or tin pins on the lower end of front and back edge of memory module are connected providing a single line of connection between Memory Module and System. And DIMM stands for Dual In line Memory Module and the pins on this module are not connected, providing two lines of communication path between module and system.

SIMM provide 32-bit channel while DIMM provide 64-bit channel.

Q55:- Explain RAID-5?

Ans:- RAID-5 provides redundancy by writing data and parity information across three or more hard disk drives thus increasing performance and it is the most popular RAID implementation. 

work in progress    we will back soon with some more Q&A...keep visiting..

Mapping Network Drive With CMD Prompt...

First of all I want to explain about Mapping, suppose there is a shared resource on your network and you need to access that resource frequently then each time you access that data you have to type the network address(IP Address) of that machine.

If you want to make shortcut of that data on your local machine then type the following command

 net use z: \\100.0.0.236\sharedfolder

in my scenarios its

net use z: \\100.0.0.236\myname

in the above example the shared data name myname and we want to make shortcuts of that data in my machine as my local drives having the drive letter of Z Drive like the following image.

now we are successful in creating a mapped network drive having letter Z.

Rajnish Jaiswal

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Accessing Shared Resources With CMD Prompt...

Suppose your network have a computer with ip add 100.0.0.236 and having shared folder named myname & you want to access that folder on your machine, first check network connectivity with ping command

ping 100.0.0.236
 if connectivity is fine between these two pc then run the following command in your command prompt

DIR  \\100.0.0.236\MYNAME

Now you are done with accessing the shared resource

Rajnish Jaiswal

+919628273549

Sharing Resources with CMD Prompt....

Step1:- Suppose we have a folder/Directory name King in E: drive & we want to share that with command prompt.

Step2:- In above picture there is directory name king in e: drive.. & we want to share the same 

NET SHARE SHARENAME=PATH

NET SHARE KING=E:\KING

but by issuing this command only Read permission will be granted to the users like in the following example.

Suppose we want to grant Change permission for that folder then modify the above command. so that users can modify the data after accessing that folder.

net share king=e:\king /GRANT:everyone Change

ok you are done with sharing your data.

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Fedora Adding removable media to be mounted at boot time

This post will show how to add your different partitions of HDD at boot time. After completing the exercise you will not need to mount the partitions evry time you login. This is a guide for beginners and I assume that you know nothing about linux commands.
You might have more then 1 HDD in your system. Linux provides name to each HDD and its partition. Like first partition in first HDD may have a label sda1. To know how to find these name there is a simple utility in latest version of almost all linux distributions that is called Disk Utility. You just need to go to you Fedora Activities or Ubuntu Dashboard and type disk or you can search it in Accessories. I assume that you are using GNOME 3. Otherwise you can go to Applications -> Accessories. After opening you can find all the media devices in your computer system. Just go to your device and click at the partition which you want to be mounted at boot time. You will see the device name at below label as Device. Below is a snapshot of Disk Utility at my PC with Fedora 16.

Here my Device label is Data and name is /dev/sdb11. Now yuo have got the Device name. Now you have to create a mount point. Simply said a folder in either /media or in /mount. For this you have to type a command

 sudo mkdir /media/DATA

 Provide root or Administrator password if asked. After that you need to open a file in /etc directory. Type the command

sudo vim /etc/fstab

You can also use gedit instead of vim. Here you will find that there are a lot of lines already presented. Need not worry just go to the end of the file and add a line there. This line will have 6 fields. First will be device name (/dev/sdb11), second is mount point (/media/DATA), third is file system type (ntfs-3g, FAT, ext4 etc), fourth is options (there are many options but for beginners I will say type defaults), dump (dump should backup file system 0 = No, 1 = Yes, set 0 for removable devices), needs checked (fsck order on reboots 0=don't check, 1=root filesystem, 2=other filesystems). For example I added the line

/dev/sdb11      /media/DATA     ntfs-3g defaults        0 0

Thats it. Now you can reboot your system and see the things are working.

How to make Linux bootable pendrive

A lot of linux distributions are there to choose and they releases every day. So it is difficult to choose one without testing first. You can not burn a CD or DVD every time to check the live image released of a distribution.


For Windows Users:
Well there are plenty of tools available there. If you are using windows then there is a great tool calledYUMI - Multiboot USB creator. As name suggest you can make a pendrive multi-bootable with YUMI. You can download the tool from here and start testing it.

For Linux Users:
If you are using linux then most of the popular distributions are providing there own tool to make bootable pendrive.

On Fedora install liveusb-creator using 

yum install liveusb-creator

and run the application. It is very interactive.

On Ubuntu run the program Startup Disk Creator which is used to create bootable pendrive.

There are a lot of other distributions and there programs. But there is one command for terminal which run on all distribution and is very easy to use.

dd command:
Open the terminal and become super user(su for Fedora or sudo before command for user more linux like Ubuntu, Mint).
Before running the command check the device partition of your USB pendrive by



ls -la /dev/disk/by-label

This command will show the label of your partitions and the disk vol. like sda1, sdb3. Your pendrive might have only one partition and there will be adb1 or adc1 only for that. Whatever it is use that sdc or sdd or sdb without the number in below command instead of sdX.
Please be carefull before using the below command. make sure you are using right partition before running command. dd is very strong command and it will destroy entire partition and write the iso file there. It will not show any warning or ask you to confirm once press enter.
 

sudo dd if=/home/user/directory/diskimage.iso of=/dev/sdX

Here dd is command, if means input file and of means output file.

How to install and configure DHCP Server in Windows Server 2008 to provide IP addressing and DNS server information to your end users.

Introduction

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a core infrastructure service on any network that provides IP addressing and DNS server information to PC clients and any other device. DHCP is used so that you do not have to statically assign IP addresses to every device on your network and manage the issues that static IP addressing can create. More and more, DHCP is being expanded to fit into new network services like the Windows Health Service and Network Access Protection (NAP). However, before you can use it for more advanced services, you need to first install it and configure the basics. Let’s learn how to do that.

Installing Windows Server 2008 DHCP Server

Installing Windows Server 2008 DCHP Server is easy. DHCP Server is now a “role” of Windows Server 2008 – not a windows component as it was in the past.
To do this, you will need a Windows Server 2008 system already installed and configured with a static IP address. You will need to know your network’s IP address range, the range of IP addresses you will want to hand out to your PC clients, your DNS server IP addresses, and your default gateway. Additionally, you will want to have a plan for all subnets involved, what scopes you will want to define, and what exclusions you will want to create.
To start the DHCP installation process, you can click Add Roles from the Initial Configuration Tasks window or fromServer Manager à Roles à Add Roles.

Figure 1: Adding a new Role in Windows Server 2008
When the Add Roles Wizard comes up, you can click Next on that screen.
Next, select that you want to add the DHCP Server Role, and click Next.

Figure 2: Selecting the DHCP Server Role
If you do not have a static IP address assigned on your server, you will get a warning that you should not install DHCP with a dynamic IP address.
At this point, you will begin being prompted for IP network information, scope information, and DNS information. If you only want to install DHCP server with no configured scopes or settings, you can just click Next through these questions and proceed with the installation.
On the other hand, you can optionally configure your DHCP Server during this part of the installation.
In my case, I chose to take this opportunity to configure some basic IP settings and configure my first DHCP Scope.
I was shown my network connection binding and asked to verify it, like this:

Figure 3: Network connection binding
What the wizard is asking is, “what interface do you want to provide DHCP services on?” I took the default and clickedNext.
Next, I entered my Parent Domain, Primary DNS Server, and Alternate DNS Server (as you see below) and clickedNext.

Figure 4: Entering domain and DNS information
I opted NOT to use WINS on my network and I clicked Next.
Then, I was promoted to configure a DHCP scope for the new DHCP Server. I have opted to configure an IP address range of 192.168.1.50-100 to cover the 25+ PC Clients on my local network. To do this, I clicked Add to add a new scope. As you see below, I named the Scope WBC-Local, configured the starting and ending IP addresses of 192.168.1.50-192.168.1.100, subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, default gateway of 192.168.1.1, type of subnet (wired), and activated the scope.

Figure 5: Adding a new DHCP Scope
Back in the Add Scope screen, I clicked Next to add the new scope (once the DHCP Server is installed).
I chose to Disable DHCPv6 stateless mode for this server and clicked Next.
Then, I confirmed my DHCP Installation Selections (on the screen below) and clicked Install.

Figure 6: Confirm Installation Selections
After only a few seconds, the DHCP Server was installed and I saw the window, below:

Figure 7: Windows Server 2008 DHCP Server Installation succeeded
I clicked Close to close the installer window, then moved on to how to manage my new DHCP Server.

How to Manage your new Windows Server 2008 DHCP Server

Like the installation, managing Windows Server 2008 DHCP Server is also easy. Back in my Windows Server 2008Server Manager, under Roles, I clicked on the new DHCP Server entry.

Figure 8: DHCP Server management in Server Manager
While I cannot manage the DHCP Server scopes and clients from here, what I can do is to manage what events, services, and resources are related to the DHCP Server installation. Thus, this is a good place to go to check the status of the DHCP Server and what events have happened around it.
However, to really configure the DHCP Server and see what clients have obtained IP addresses, I need to go to the DHCP Server MMC. To do this, I went to Start à Administrative Tools à DHCP Server, like this:

Figure 9: Starting the DHCP Server MMC
When expanded out, the MMC offers a lot of features. Here is what it looks like:

Figure 10: The Windows Server 2008 DHCP Server MMC
The DHCP Server MMC offers IPv4 & IPv6 DHCP Server info including all scopes, pools, leases, reservations, scope options, and server options.
If I go into the address pool and the scope options, I can see that the configuration we made when we installed the DHCP Server did, indeed, work. The scope IP address range is there, and so are the DNS Server & default gateway.

Figure 11: DHCP Server Address Pool

Figure 12: DHCP Server Scope Options
So how do we know that this really works if we do not test it? The answer is that we do not. Now, let’s test to make sure it works.

How do we test our Windows Server 2008 DHCP Server?

To test this, I have a Windows Vista PC Client on the same network segment as the Windows Server 2008 DHCP server. To be safe, I have no other devices on this network segment.
I did an IPCONFIG /RELEASE then an IPCONFIG /RENEW and verified that I received an IP address from the new DHCP server, as you can see below:

Figure 13: Vista client received IP address from new DHCP Server
Also, I went to my Windows 2008 Server and verified that the new Vista client was listed as a client on the DHCP server. This did indeed check out, as you can see below:

Figure 14: Win 2008 DHCP Server has the Vista client listed under Address Leases
With that, I knew that I had a working configuration and we are done!

In Summary

In this article, you learned how to install and configure DHCP Server in Windows Server 2008. During that process, you learned what DHCP Server is, how it can help you, how to install it, how to manage the server, and how to configure DHCP server specific settings like DHCP Server scopes. In the end, we tested our configuration and it all worked! Good luck configuring your Windows Server 2008 DHCP Server!

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Step by step guide to install fedora 20 with screenshots

Hi All,

Fedora 20 released on December 17, 2013. Its an awesome distribution with a lots of cutting edge features. I will start the guide with some screenshots and explain each step.

1. First of all Download Fedora 20 from the site. I have downloaded desktop (Gnome) format but the procedure is same for all the formats. Burn the image to a DVD or CD or make a bootable pendrive. Boot the system with the bootable pendrive. You will see a the screen shown as below.

  

2. Press enter to Start Fedora Live.

3. It will ask you to try Fedora before installing or install to Hard Drive.

4. If you choose to try the it will inform you where the install option will be for future reference to install.

5. If you choose to install on Hard Drive or later clicked that switch then it will ask you for language selection.

6. Then it will show you a screen where you have to set your location for date/time and keyboard layout, Installation destination and host-name(Network Configuration). REMEMBER the DONE switch is top left on every screen.

7. Clicking on installation destination it will ask you to select the disk. Click DONE. If you have empty Hard Drive and want to install only fedora then choose automatically, otherwise select manual partition option.

8. Please read it carefully. You may end-up corrupting your existing windows installations. do not choose any partition about which you are not sure. Go back to window and see the labels and then come back again here.

8.1 Here is the tricky part. It is not simple to understand for first timer. But it is fairly easy. It does not show you the disk layout in a graphical cylinder, so you need some information about your disk before installation. If you have free space that there is no problem. Just click on "+" sign and add the partition for fresh fedora installation. You need to specify the size, mount-point, file system to format.

8.2 Or if you have some partitions which you want to use for fedora installation then click on that partition specify the options on right side as mount-point, and reformat as ext4(preferred).

8.3 If you have hard-drive of 500GB or more then I would like to suggest the partitions as
/boot (2GB) as ext4
/ (35 GB) as ext4 === root
linux-swap from 4 GB to 10 GB -- for this you have to select reformat as swap
/home (20 GB) as ext4 

 

9. Click Begin Installation.

10. You will see a screen where fedora installation is going in background and asking you to set root and users.

11. Set root password. If password does not match it will warn you like the yellow line below.

12. Then Set the user. Here user Aishwarya Rai and her password is set. if password is too weak like abhishek here then it will warn you like yellow line below. You have to click on DONE again at top left.

13. The installation is going on.

14. Click on Quit as installation completed. You can use live session user as long as after quitting also. You need to restart the system by clicking top right.

15. After rebooting, log-in with your user name. Here are some of the screen-shots of the fresh fedora installation. However I have installed some shell extensions and cairo-dock so it looked more attractive. I have also changed desktop background to one of my favourite pic taken by me.

Enjoy the ride and see other posts for doing more. fun with fedora after installation