What is the Difference Between NTFS and FAT32 File Systems...

Today we will tell you about the differences between FAT32 and NTFS file systems used by Windows operating systems. This information may help you in choosing the right system as per your requirements.

Basic Definition

FAT stands for File Allocation Table and FAT32 are an extension which means that data is stored in chunks of 32 bits. These are an older type of file system that isn’t commonly used these days.

NTSF stands for New Technology File System and this took over from FAT as the primary file system being used in Windows.

Indeed, before making a choice you need to know about their capabilities. The table below will give you a rough idea of the features and respective support.

Description of Features

Few of the things here are self explanatory. So, I will expand those which require little description.

Fault Tolerance: NTFS maintains a log of disk changes and in case of power failure or abrupt errors it repairs the files and folders automatically without the user being notified anything. FAT32 maintains two different copies of the file allocation table and uses a back up mechanism if some damage occurs.

Security: In FAT32 you will have to depend on share permissions for security. This means that they are good in the Network but locally they are vulnerable. On the other hand NTFS allows you to set permissions on local files and folders as well.

Compression: FAT32 offers no compression feature whatsoever. While NTFS lets you compress files and folders individually so that you do not have to slow down the system by depending on partition compressions.

Conversion: You may easily convert a FAT32 system to NTFS. But the reverse is not true because NTFS follows a secure protocol. So, the only option here is to backup your data and format the disk.

CDMA vs GSM

GSM and CDMA are competing wireless technologies with GSM enjoying about an 82% market share globally. In the U.S., however, CDMA is the more dominant standard. Technically GSM (Global System for Mobilecommunications, originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile) is a specification of an entire wireless network infrastructure, while CDMA relates only to the air interface — the radio portion of the technology.

Code division multiple access (CDMA) describes a communication channel access principle that employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code). CDMA also refers to digital cellular telephony systems that use this multiple access scheme, as pioneered by QUALCOMM, and W-CDMA by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which is used in GSM’s UMTS.

Comparison chart

	CDMA 1 2 3 4 5	GSM
Stands for	Code Division Multiple Access	Global System for Mobile communication
Storage Type	Internal Memory	SIM (subscriber identity module) Card
Global market share	25%	75%
Dominance	Dominant standard in the U.S.	Dominant standard worldwide except the U.S.
Data transfer	EVDO/3G/4G/LTE	GPRS/E/3G/4G/LTE
Network	There is one physical channel and a special code for every device in the coverage network. Using this code, the signal of the device is multiplexed, and the same physical channel is used to send the signal.	Every cell has a corresponding network tower, which serves the mobile phones in that cellular area.
International roaming	Less Accessible	Most Accessible
Frequency band	Single (850 MHz)	Multiple (850/900/1800/1900 MHz)
Network service	Handset specific	SIM specific. User has option to select handset of his choice.

A CDMA tower, viewed from the bottom up

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM Card)

SIM (subscriber identity module) card, the onboard memory device that identifies a user and stores all of his information on the handheld. You can swap GSM SIM cards between handsets when a new one is necessary, which enables you to carry all of your contact and calendar information over to a new handset with no hassle. CDMA operators answer this flexibility with their own service that stores user data, including phone book and scheduler information, on the operator’s database. This service makes it possible to not only swap over to a new handset with little trouble, but it also gives users the ability to recover contact date even if their phone is lost or stolen.

International Roaming with GSM and CDMA

Where international business travel is an issue, GSM leaps forward in the race for the title of “Most Accessible.” Because GSM is used in more than 74% of the markets across the globe, users of tri-band or quad-band handsets can travel to Europe, India, and most of Asia and still use their cell phones. CDMA offers no multiband capability, however, and therefore you can’t readily use it in multiple countries. However, certain phones like the iphone5 now have Quad-band GSM built in so they can be used overseas with special calling plans from carriers.

Data Transfer Methods in GSM vs. CDMA

Another difference between GSM and CDMA is in the data transfer methods. GSM’s high-speed wireless data technology, GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), usually offers a slower data bandwidth for wireless data connection than CDMA’s high-speed technology (1xRTT, short for single carrier radio transmission technology), which has the capability of providing ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)-like speeds of as much as 144Kbps (kilobits per second). However, 1xRTT requires a dedicated connection to the network for use, whereas GPRS sends in packets, which means that data calls made on a GSM handset don’t block out voice calls like they do on CDMA phones.

Interaction between GSM and CDMA

In cities and densely populated areas, there are often high concentrations of GSM and CDMA connection bases. In theory, GSM and CDMA are invisible to one another and should "play nice" with one another. In practice, however, this is not the case. High-powered CDMA signals have raised the "noise floor" for GSM receivers, meaning there is less space within the available band to send a clean signal. This sometimes results in dropped calls in areas where there is a high concentration of CDMA technology. Conversely, high-powered GSM signals have been shown to cause overloading and jamming of CDMA receivers due to CDMA’s reliance upon broadcasting across its entire available band.

The result of this little cross-broadcasting joust has led some cities to pass ordinances limiting the space between cell towers or the height they can reach, giving one technology a distinct advantage over the other. This is something to note when choosing a wireless provider. The distance between towers will severely affect connectivity for GSM-based phones because the phones need constant access to the tower’s narrow band broadcasting.

Popularity and Market Share

GSM is a lot more widespread in Europe and Asia. In the United States, Sprint and Verizon networks are CDMA whereas AT&T and T-Mobile are on GSM. Most of Europe uses GSM and so does China. In India, Vodafone, Bharti and BSNL are on GSM whereas Reliance and Tata Telecom are on CDMA networks.

BSNL WiMAX broadband – Is it suitable for you?

Nowadays most of the BSNL subscribers keep their land line connection mainly for broadband purpose only. In terms of economy and bandwidth, BSNL is miles ahead as compared to their competitors. BSNL is facing acute shortage of manpower to maintain the exchanges and underground cables. Road side digging work often damages the underground cables and the restoration work takes several days. BSNL WiMax wins.

What is BSNLWiMax

The term WiMax is the acronym of  “Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access” , a wireless communication standard which can facilitate high speed data transfer at a speed upto 40 Mbps. The technology is highlighted as an effective and reliable  replacement of conventional cable based DSL broadband connection. In India BSNL is providing WiMax internet connection to their customers. BSNL mainly focus in rural areas where internet penetration is comparatively poor due to connectivity issues. Often people misinterpret WiMax with WiFi, both are different technology. WiMax offers more coverage and better speed than the WiFi.
Range and Data Transfer Speed of BSNL WiMax
Range of BSNL WiMax is maximum upto 15 Kilometer in Rural area and 4 Km in Urban area from the nearest BSNL WiMax tower. Data transfer speed of BSNL WiMax ranges from 512Kbps (64KBps) to 2 Mbps(256KBps).
Prepaid Plans not looks good even if you have a limited usage also, because for one month validity you must recharge at least for Rs 600/-. and data topup charges extra. Unlimited Post paid plan HOWI 750 is almost at par with BSNL broadband Home Unlimited plan. Under this plan users get unlimited usage (without any Fair usage Policy) with a bandwidth of 512 Kbps(64KBps).

WiMax Equipment

To use WiMax service, users have three options, ie USB Dongle, Indoor CPE (Customer Premises Equipment) and Outdoor CPE.
• USB Dongle: If your WiMax usage area is very near to BSNL WiMax tower.
• Indoor CPE: If your usage area is within 1Km to BSNL WiMax tower you can go for an Indoor CPE.
• Out Door CPE: Outdoor CPE is suitable for remote locations ie upto 15 Km from the nearest WiMax tower.
Customers can either purchase or rent CPE from BSNL. Price of CPE is Rs 1500/- plus Taxes (For all Type).  Monthly rental varies from Rs 30/- to Rs 40/- as per your plan with a refundable security deposit of Rs 1000/-. If you are going for the  upfront payment of Fixed Monthly Charges, you can get a CPE in free of cost or discount upto 54% as per the plan. I don’t think purchasing the CPE is a good option, because once you purchase the equipment from BSNL, it will be difficult to get the equipment replaced in case of any unserviceability, as an outdoor radiating device, such a risk always exists.

How to share a WiMax Connection for multiple devices

You can share your WiMax connection for multiple users with a Wireless or Multi Port Switch. For this you just need to plug-in the output of CPE (Ethernet Cable) to the WAN port of switch. (Wireless access point/Router costs from Rs 800 to Rs 1500/- Only). 

How to get a BSNL WiMAX connection

Nowadays getting a new broadband connection from BSNL is not painful as earlier.Go to the nearest BSNL exchange with relevant documents (Address proof, Pasport Size Photo and an ID proof), you will get the new connection within few days. Now you can register for a new WiMax connection through BSNL at doorstep online portal also.
Advantages and Disadvantages of BSNL WiMax
Advantages
• Reliability- BSNL broadband service is notorious in terms of reliability, no guarantee on uptime. Anytime it can go down. This is mainly due to the poor maintenance of their under ground cables and junction boxes. They take weeks to restore the cable faults. Here WiMax is a life saver. In normal cases the connection won’t go down. If some thing goes wrong at their end, at least we can expect that it will be restored automatically.
• Portability: You can shift the CPE to the desired location as you wish (Within the Circle).
• Better performance than 3G and mobile broadband services
• Wide range of Tariff Plans (Both prepaid and Postpaid) to select as per the user requirement.
Disadvantages
• Performance deterioration in adverse climatic conditions: It has been observed that performance of WiMax often deteriorates during night time and cloudy/foggy/rainy days. However if your area of usage is close to the WiMax tower, these climatic changes will not matter.
• Speed: As compared to land line based DSL broadband connection, WiMax is can’t be considered superior at least in terms of speed.
• Delay in connection setup: Unlike landline based broadband connections or 3G connections, WiMax takes a couple of minutes for establishing the connection after switching ON. If you don’t switch OFF the connection, then can ignore this issue.
• Distance from nearest WiMax Tower: This is one of the most important factor before going for a WiMax connection. If your area of usage is far away from the  tower, don’t even think about WiMax.
Conclusion
If you have a reliable land line based  broadband connection, then continue with that. If your residence is very near to BSNL WiMax tower, then WiMax can be a better option as compared to 3G or other mobile broadband services.

Toll Free Numbers...Dell, hp, WD

ATM Safety Tips

Precautions while using an ATM:-

• Memorise your PIN. Do not write it down anywhere,and certainly never on the card itself
• Your card is for your own personal use. Do not share your PIN or card with anyone, not even your friends or family
• "Shoulder surfer" can peep at your PIN as you enter it. So stand close to the ATM machine and use your body and hand to shield the keypad as you enter the PIN
• Do not take help from strangers for using the ATM card or handling your cash
• Press the 'Cancel' key before moving away from the ATM. Remember to take your card and transaction slip with you
• If you take transaction slip, shred it immediately after use
• If your ATM card is lost or stolen, report it to your card-issuing bank immediately
• When you deposit a cheque or card into your ATM, check the credit entry in your account after a couple of days. If there is any discrepancy, report it to your bank
• If your card gets stuck in the ATM, or if cash is not dispensed after you having keyed in a transaction,call your bank immediately
• If you have any complaint about your ATM/Debit/Credit card transaction at an ATM, you must take it up with the bank that issued the card to you

What Is Skimming?

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Skimming is an act of stealing information through the magnetic strip on the cards that are used in ATMs and merchant establishments. Fraudsters collect information from a credit/debit/ATM card by reading the magnetic strip on the reverse of the card. For doing this, they conceal a small device in the card slot of ATM's or merchant payment terminals. This 'skimmer' scans the card details and stores its information. A tiny strategically positioned camera may also be used to capture the PIN. Skimming can occur in ATMs, restaurants, shops or other locations.

How The Fraudsters Operate?

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• At ATM machines

Fraudsters insert a skimming device to the ATM's card slot. This device scans the card and stores its associated information. While a customer keys in his PIN, the wireless skimming device transfers the data to the fraudsters. This information is then used by the fraudsters for online shopping or to make counterfeit credit cards.

• At Restaurants / Shopping Outlets

At restaurants and shopping outlets, the credit card is swiped twice, once for the regular transaction and the other in the skimmer that captures the personal information which is retrieved later by the fraudsters.

Tips To Protect Yourself From Skimming

Tips to Avoid Skimming

• Protect your PIN by standing close to the ATM and shielding or cover the key pad with your other hand when entering your PIN
• If you see anything unusual, strange, suspicious, something that does not look right with the ATM or if the keypad does not feel securely attached, stop your transaction and inform the bank
• If it appears to have anything stuck onto the card slot or key pad, do not use it. Cancel the transaction and walk away. Never try to remove suspicious devices
• Be cautious if strangers offer to help you at an ATM, even if your card is stuck or you are having difficulties. Do not allow anyone to distract you
• Keep your PIN a secret. Never reveal it to anyone, even to someone who claims to be calling from your bank or a police officer
• Check that other people in the queue are at reasonable distance away from you
• Regularly check your account balance and bank statements, and report any discrepancies to your bank immediately

Below are additional tips for staying safe when using an ATM:

• Memorise your PIN – never write it down or store it with your card(s)
• Have your card and envelopes ready for your transaction when you approach the ATM
• Be aware of your surroundings and people nearby
• Monitor your account, statements and report suspicious transactions to the bank
• Do not take help offered by strangers or allow anyone watch you enter your PIN
• Always press the 'Cancel' button once your transaction is over.

How To Get System Details...

Some people say command line tools are obsolete, out of date, no longer necessary when you can "point and click," instead. But the reality is very different. Every version of Windows sees the command line given new powers and abilities, and if you don't explore these then you really are missing out.

Take the WMIC command, for instance. It has astonishing scope and a huge set of features: the program can return useful information about your system, control running programs and generally manage just about every aspect of your PC -- all from the command line or a convenient shortcut.

How might this work? Let's suppose you need to know the model of the motherboard used in your PC. You could poke around in a system information program, but it's easier to open a command window (elevated, on Windows Vista or 7 -- click "Start," type "CMD," right-click the link to cmd.exe and select "Run As Administrator") and enter the command:

wmic baseboard get product,manufacturer

wmic bios get name

wmic BIOS get serialnumber

wmic product list brief

wmic service list brief

wmic process list brief

wmic startup list brief

wmic service get /format:hform > d:\services.html

wmic product get name

wmic product where name="mspaint" call uninstall

wmic process where name="iexplore.exe" call terminate

wmic process where name="notepad.exe" call setpriority 64

wmic /node:jetking-pc service list brief

Telnet :- Remote Control Through Command Prompt...

Telnet is a text-based program you can use to connect to another computer using the Internet or Network. You'll be able to access programs and services that are on the remote computer as if you were sitting right in front of it.

here are the steps to do telnet in ur windows7 PC.
Step1:- Go to Add/Remove Windows Components to enable telnet..

Go to Run and type    Appwiz.cpl 

Click Turn Windows features on of off.

Select both telnet client & server to enable telnet and click on ok button.

Then go to run and type services.msc to open services console.

select telnet from services list and select startup type to automatic and start the telnet service.

After installing and starting telnet service open command prompt in admin priviledge & type telnet and remote ip address.

And here u have to provide admin username and password for authentication and after that u can use all DOS commands in telnet.

if u face any problem in telnet plz contact     9628273549 Rajnish Jaiswal

Manage User Accounts through Command Prompt...

Open cmd prompt with admin priviledge... & run following commands.


COMMAND                                                                     ACTION

net user                                                                            lists all user accounts.

net user username                                                          details about specific user.

net user username password /add                                 create new user a/c.

net user username newpassword                                  change user password.

net user username * /add                                               create user a/c with hidden password.

net user username /active:yes                                        enable user a/c.

net user username /active:no                                         disable user a/c.

net localgroup                                                                  lists all groups.

net localgroup groupname                                              details of a specific group.

net localgroup groupname /add                                     create a new group.

net localgroup groupname username /add                   move user to a group.

net localgroup groupname username /del                     remove user from a group.


if u r facing any problem plz contact at 9628273549